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Exploring Frosted Glass: A Comprehensive Analysis of Functional Features and Production Methods In contemporary architecture and interior design, glass has evolved from a mere material for daylighting to a key element in shaping spatial aesthetics and functionality. Among them, frosted glass, with its unique hazy beauty and excellent practical performance, has become a favorite among designers and homeowners. It is like a dancer wearing a veil, achieving a perfect balance between transparency and privacy, brightness and subtlety. This article will delve into the various functional features of frosted glass and systematically introduce its different production methods, providing you with a comprehensive understanding of this magical material.   Part 1: Core Functions and Features of Frosted Glass Frosted glass, also known as ground glass, refers to glass that has been treated through processes such as mechanical sandblasting, chemical etching, or physical grinding to roughen the originally smooth surface, thereby creating a diffuse reflection effect on light. This unique physical transformation endows it with a series of remarkable characteristics.   1. Privacy Protection: The Guardian of a Veiled World This is the most widely recognized and applied functional feature of frosted glass. Principle: The surface of ordinary transparent glass is smooth, allowing light to pass through directly and offering an unobstructed view. In contrast, the surface of frosted glass is covered with countless tiny bumps, causing diffuse reflection when light hits it. This blurs images on the other side, making specific details impossible to discern. Application Scenarios: Widely used in spaces requiring privacy, such as bathroom doors and windows, shower partitions, office meeting rooms, peepholes on residential entry doors, and hospital room partitions. It allows ample light to enter, maintaining the brightness of the space, while effectively shielding internal activities, creating a reassuring private environment.   2. Softening Light: Creating a Comfortable Light and Shadow Ambiance Frosted glass is not only a guardian of privacy but also a "softener" of light. Principle: Thanks again to diffuse reflection, frosted glass can scatter strong direct light (such as harsh sunlight or artificial intense light) into even, soft, and non-glaring scattered light. Application Scenarios: Commonly used in places that require a soft and warm atmosphere, such as lamp shades (desk lamps, wall lamps, chandeliers), interior partitions, and window films. It effectively eliminates glare, reduces visual fatigue, and imbues the space with a tranquil and peaceful quality, significantly enhancing the comfort of the light environment.   3. Anti-Adhesion and Easy Cleaning: Exemplifying Practicality The specially treated surface of frosted glass offers excellent anti-adhesion properties in certain applications. Principle: The microscopically rough surface reduces the actual contact area with objects (especially those with smooth surfaces). Application Scenarios: This characteristic is particularly prominent in the household appliance sector, such as oven doors, microwave oven doors, and refrigerator shelves. In high-temperature environments, food residues and grease are less likely to adhere firmly to the glass surface, making cleaning much easier and more convenient. 4. Enhanced Aesthetics and Decorativeness: The Artistic Brushstroke of Space The decorative value of frosted glass should not be underestimated; it is a crucial element in elevating the style of a space. Artistic Expression: Modern frosted glass has evolved far beyond the basic "frosted" effect. When combined with techniques such as screen printing, painting, and engraving, it can produce a wide array of patterns, textures, and gradient effects. Whether featuring classical Chinese window lattice designs, contemporary geometric patterns, or corporate brand logos, all can be exquisitely rendered through the frosted glass process. Spatial Division: When employed as a partition, frosted glass effectively delineates different functional areas without entirely severing visual and spatial connections, as a solid wall would. It preserves visual continuity and spatial openness, making it an ideal solution for small apartments and open-plan layouts. Tactile Experience: The warm and finely textured surface of frosted glass offers a distinct contrast to the cold smoothness of ordinary glass, enhancing the perceived quality and user experience. 5. Safety Performance: Fundamental Physical Assurance This primarily refers to the inherent safety performance of the base glass used for frosted glass. Tempered Frosted Glass: The glass is first tempered and then given a frosted effect. Its impact and bending strength are 3-5 times that of ordinary glass. Even if broken by external force, it shatters into small, blunt, honeycomb-like particles, greatly reducing the risk of injury. It is the preferred choice for safety-critical places like shower doors and partitions. Laminated Frosted Glass: A tough PVB film is sandwiched between two glass panes. Even if the glass breaks, the fragments adhere to the film, preventing them from scattering, offering extremely high safety.   Part 2: Main Production Methods of Frosted Glass The creation of the frosted effect essentially involves altering the microscopic structure of the glass surface. Based on the principles and processes, it can be mainly categorized into the following types:   1. Physical Mechanical Methods These are the most traditional and classic production methods, primarily involving physical means to abrade the glass surface. Sandblasting Method Process: This is currently the most mainstream method in industrial production. Using compressed air as the power source, a high-speed jet stream is formed to propel abrasive materials (such as emery, quartz sand, glass beads, etc.) onto the glass surface at high speed. Under the impact and cutting action of the abrasive, the glass surface is uniformly eroded, forming the frosted effect. Characteristics: High Efficiency: Suitable for large-scale, continuous industrial production. Strong Controllability: By adjusting the type, particle size, air pressure, and spray distance of the abrasive, the roughness and fineness of the frost can be precisely controlled, achieving various effects from slight haze to complete opacity. Pattern Creation: Combined with masking stencils (such as rubber, metal, or special tape), it can easily produce various exquisite patterns and text, achieving localized frosting. Grinding Wheel Polishing/Grinding Method Process: Uses grinding wheels equipped with abrasives like diamond or silicon carbide to directly grind the glass surface. This method is closer to "sculpting." Characteristics: Suitable for Shaped Glass: For glass products with curves, edges, or irregular shapes where sandblasting struggles with even treatment, grinding wheels can follow their contours for precise processing. Often Used for Artistic Creation: Commonly used for the frosted edges of glass artworks and glass furniture, creating a unique matte texture and smooth touch. Relatively Low Efficiency: Compared to sandblasting, its production efficiency is lower, making it more suitable for customized, small-batch products.​ 2. Chemical Etching Methods Chemical methods do not rely on physical impact but use chemical reactions to etch the glass surface.   Acid Frosting Method Process: This is the most representative chemical method. First, a layer resistant to hydrofluoric acid (such as frosting paste or frosting liquid) is applied to cover the glass surface. Then, through screen printing or application, the designed pattern areas are exposed. Next, a formulated corrosive solution of hydrofluoric acid or its salts is applied to the glass surface. Hydrofluoric acid reacts chemically with silicon dioxide, the main component of glass, generating silicon fluoride gas and water, thereby corroding the glass surface to form tiny pits and crystals, achieving a matte effect. Finally, the residual acid is washed off with water. Characteristics: Extremely Fine and Uniform Effect: The surface formed by chemical corrosion is very soft and smooth to the touch, offering a high-end texture and superior visual effect compared to ordinary sandblasting. Strong Adhesion: The formed frosted layer is part of the glass itself, making it very durable and not prone to wearing off from wiping or over time. Environmental and Safety Challenges: Hydrofluoric acid is highly corrosive and toxic, requiring very high standards for production equipment, operational procedures, and waste liquid treatment, along with strict environmental and safety measures. Ice Pattern Glass Process Process: This is a special chemical treatment process. Specific metal salts are first coated on the glass surface, followed by heat treatment. During heating, these salt crystals cause micro-cracks on the glass surface, forming beautiful and textured patterns reminiscent of ice crystals, which are then cleaned. Characteristics: Extremely strong decorative effect and high artistic value, but the process is complex and costly.​   3. Film Application / Sticking Method This is a non-permanent, post-processing method that "simulates" frosted glass. Process: A frosted film with a matte texture or capable of producing a diffuse reflection effect is directly applied to the clean surface of transparent glass. Characteristics: Extremely Convenient and Flexible: Requires no professional equipment; individual users can apply it. It is an excellent solution for rentals or temporary privacy needs. Low Cost: The cost of film is the lowest compared to the various production processes mentioned above. Reversible and Non-Permanent: It can be applied or removed at any time, allowing for easy style changes. However, it is less durable, prone to scratching, and the edges may peel over time.   4. Built-in Frosted Glass This type of glass has the frosted effect built-in during the manufacturing process, rather than being a surface treatment applied later. Patterned Glass / Rolled Glass Process: While the glass is still in a molten state, it is passed through a pair of rollers with specific patterns, impressing uneven textures onto the glass surface in a single step. These textures naturally have the ability to diffusely reflect light. Characteristics: Rich Patterns: Can produce glass with various classic textures like water patterns, linen patterns, and checkered patterns. Higher Strength: Due to the surface patterns, its impact resistance is slightly stronger than that of flat glass of the same thickness. Economical and Practical: A cost-effective option for decorative and privacy glass. Laminated Frosted Glass Process: A layer of frosted interlayer film (such as frosted PVB or EVA) is laminated and bonded between two sheets of transparent glass through a process involving high temperature and pressure. The frosted effect comes from the middle layer. Characteristics: Extremely High Safety: Even if the glass breaks, the fragments do not scatter. Frosted Layer Never Wears Off: Since the frosted layer is sealed inside the glass, it is unaffected by external scratching or cleaning, and the effect is permanent. Can Combine Other Functions: Other materials can be sandwiched simultaneously to achieve multiple functions like light adjustment and burglary resistance. Conclusion Frosted glass, this seemingly simple material, actually contains a wealth of craftsmanship and wisdom. From the basic functions of privacy protection and softening light, to enhancing the user experience through anti-adhesion and easy cleaning, and further to the decorative artistry that gives soul to a space, its functional features are comprehensive and profound. In terms of production methods, from the efficient sandblasting method, to the superior textured acid frosting method, the convenient film application method, and the safe and permanent built-in processes, the diverse production methods provide us with rich choices to meet different needs and budgets. When selecting frosted glass, we should comprehensively consider the application scenario, performance requirements, budget constraints, and aesthetic preferences. Whether it's a bathroom seeking ultimate privacy, a living room needing to create a warm lighting ambiance, or a commercial space emphasizing brand image and artistic style, there is always a type of frosted glass and its production process that can perfectly meet your needs, sketching the ideal picture of life between reality and illusion, light and shadow.    

Introduction: Why is Tempered Glass the "Accelerator" for Space Aesthetics? In interior design, tempered glass has become a "secret weapon" to break spatial limitations and enhance texture, thanks to its core advantages of high strength, high light transmittance, and impact resistance. Unlike ordinary glass, which is fragile and monotonous, tempered glass undergoes high-temperature quenching treatment, making its strength 3-5 times that of ordinary glass. Moreover, it breaks into obtuse-angled particles, ensuring maximum safety. More importantly, it can adapt to different spatial styles through various forms such as transparent, translucent, frosted, and printed designs. It makes small spaces appear larger and large spaces look more luxurious, easily doubling the aesthetic appeal. Today, we will unlock the advanced applications of tempered glass from three dimensions: design logic, scenario-based applications, and matching techniques!   1. Three Core Design Logics of Tempered Glass (The Underlying Code for Doubling Aesthetics) 1. "Transparency & Expansion": Double the Visual Space Area The high light transmittance of tempered glass is its core advantage. It can minimize visual barriers, allowing light to penetrate freely, thereby extending the spatial depth. It is especially suitable for problematic spaces such as small apartments, dark living rooms, and narrow corridors. By adopting the concept of "replacing solid walls with glass partitions", closed spaces can be transformed into open and transparent ones. For example: Replace solid wooden bedroom doors with glass sliding doors to let light from the living room penetrate into the bedroom; Use glass screens to separate the living room and dining area, which not only divides functional zones but also does not block the view, visually expanding the space by 50%.   2. "Texture Upgrade": Create a High-End Feel Through Material Contrast The cool and rigid texture of tempered glass forms a strong contrast with materials such as wood, stone, and fabric, instantly enhancing the refinement of the space. Transparent glass exudes minimalist purity, frosted glass conveys hazy poetry, and wire-inserted glass showcases industrial retro style. Different forms of tempered glass can adapt to various styles such as modern minimalism, light luxury, Nordic, and industrial style. For instance: A coffee table with a metal frame and transparent tempered glass paired with a fabric sofa combines softness and rigidity; A bookcase with frosted glass doors combined with a solid wood cabinet not only provides storage functions but also avoids a cumbersome appearance.   3. "Function Integration": Balancing Aesthetics and Practicality High-quality tempered glass not only has an attractive appearance but also possesses practical properties such as waterproof, fireproof, and easy cleaning, making it perfectly suitable for damp or high-frequency use spaces like kitchens, bathrooms, and balconies. For example: Use tempered glass partitions in the bathroom to prevent moisture and mildew; Adopt tempered glass for kitchen countertops, which are scratch-resistant and easy to maintain; Install tempered glass railings on the balcony to ensure safety without blocking the viewing view.   2. Five Spaces + Ten Tempered Glass Design Schemes 1. Living Room: Break Monotony with Glass to Create Transparency Scheme 1: Tempered Glass Partition + Grid Use a combined partition of "transparent tempered glass + wooden grid" between the living room and dining area. The glass ensures transparency, while the grid adds a sense of hierarchy, making it suitable for modern minimalist or new Chinese styles. Match it with a light gray sofa and a solid wood dining table to instantly make the space look larger and more high-end.   Scheme 2: Tempered Glass TV Background Wall Abandon traditional stone or latex paint background walls and adopt wire-inserted tempered glass (with a metal wire mesh interlayer), which has a built-in industrial style filter. Pair it with recessed light strips; when the lights are on, the interweaving of light and shadow creates a strong sense of technology. It is suitable for small living rooms to avoid an overly heavy background wall.   Scheme 3: Tempered Glass Coffee Table + Suspended Ceiling Choose a frosted tempered glass coffee table (fingerprint-resistant type) and match it with a suspended ceiling (with a built-in tempered glass light-transmitting panel). The upper and lower parts echo each other, making the living room visually lighter. Combine it with a light-colored carpet and green plants to create a simple and fresh atmosphere.   2. Bedroom: Use Glass to Balance Privacy and Transparency Scheme 1: Tempered Glass Sliding Door + Curtain Replace the bedroom door with a Changhong tempered glass sliding door (vertical frosted, which blocks privacy while transmitting light) and match it with a linen curtain of the same color. During the day, open the curtain to let sunlight filter through the glass into the room, creating a warm and non-glaring environment; at night, close the curtain to ensure privacy. It is suitable for small bedrooms or bedrooms with poor lighting.   Scheme 2: Tempered Glass Closet Partition Use "transparent tempered glass + metal frame" as a partition for an open closet. It can not only display clothes but also prevent dust accumulation. Match it with warm yellow recessed light strips to make the closet a "highlight of aesthetics" in the bedroom.   Scheme 3: Tempered Glass Headboard Background Wall Adopt printed tempered glass (customizable with geometric patterns or abstract paintings) for the headboard background wall instead of traditional wallpaper. It is waterproof, moisture-proof, and easy to clean, making it suitable for simple or light luxury style bedrooms. Pair it with a padded headboard to soften the cool and rigid feel of the glass.   3. Kitchen & Bathroom: Use Glass to Solve Moisture Problems and Enhance Texture Scheme 1: Tempered Glass Shower Partition Use ultra-white tempered glass (reduces greenish tint, more transparent) to make a straight or diamond-shaped partition in the bathroom. Match it with black metal hinges for a simple and elegant look. Choose tempered glass with explosion-proof film for better safety, preventing injury from broken glass during bathing.   Scheme 2: Tempered Glass Kitchen Sliding Door For an open kitchen, use a three-link tempered glass sliding door (can be fully pushed to one side without occupying space). Close it to block oil fumes while cooking, and open it at other times to keep the space transparent. Choose the frosted glass version, which can block the clutter in the kitchen without affecting light transmission.   Scheme 3: Tempered Glass Countertop + Anti-Fog Mirror Use quartz composite tempered glass (high-temperature resistant and scratch-resistant) for kitchen countertops instead of traditional marble, which can be cleaned with a simple wipe; Choose an anti-fog tempered glass mirror for the bathroom, which does not fog up after bathing. Match it with LED light strips for more convenient makeup and washing. 4. Balcony: Use Glass to Create a Leisure Area with Both Viewing and Safety Scheme 1: Tempered Glass Railing + Floor-to-Ceiling Window Replace the balcony railing with laminated tempered glass (double-layer glass with a film in between, which does not fall off when broken) and match it with a panoramic tempered glass floor-to-ceiling window to maximize the viewing view. It is suitable for high-rise residents. Pair it with rattan tables and chairs and green plants to create a leisure afternoon tea corner.   Scheme 2: Tempered Glass Ceiling + Sunroom For a closed balcony, use low-e tempered glass (low radiation, heat insulation, and thermal insulation) to make the ceiling and walls, creating a sunroom. Choose the frosted version for the glass surface to avoid excessive glare from direct sunlight. Match it with white gauze curtains to create a gentle and romantic atmosphere.   5. Corridor / Passageway: Use Glass to Brighten Narrow Spaces Adopt tempered glass light-transmitting panels for the corridor ceiling, with built-in LED light strips. During the day, it serves as an ordinary ceiling; at night, when the lights are on, light penetrates the glass and scatters evenly, illuminating the narrow corridor and avoiding a depressing feeling. Match it with wall paintings and patterned floor tiles to turn the corridor into an "art gallery".   3. Tempered Glass Matching Tips: Avoid Mistakes and Upgrade Aesthetics 1. Color Matching: The Key is Balancing Cold and Warm Tones Tempered glass has a natural cold tone, so it is necessary to use warm-toned materials for balance: Glass + Wood: Transparent glass + solid wood furniture, creating a natural and warm feel;​ Glass + Metal: Frosted glass + gold/black metal, exuding a light luxury and high-end vibe;​ Glass + Fabric: Wire-inserted glass + beige/gray fabric sofa, softening the cool and rigid texture. 2. Thickness Selection: Choose the Right Specification According to the Scenario Partitions / Doors: 8-10mm tempered glass (safe, durable, and not easy to deform);​ Countertops / Railings: 12-15mm tempered glass (strong load-bearing capacity, anti-fracture);​ Background Walls / Light-Transmitting Panels: 5-8mm tempered glass (lightweight, not cumbersome, used with frames). 3. Detail Pitfalls: Avoid These Mistakes at All Costs Do not replace tempered glass with ordinary glass: Especially in scenarios such as kitchens, bathrooms, and railings, as it cannot guarantee safety;​ Do not choose horizontal frosted glass: It is easy to look dirty; vertical frosted glass is more durable and easier to clean;​ The edges of the glass need to be chamfered: Avoid scratches from sharp edges and improve aesthetics;​ Choose regular manufacturers: Tempered glass must have 3C certification to ensure quality compliance. 4. Conclusion: Tempered Glass, Making Space Aesthetics "Win Easily" From the transparency and expansion of the living room to the practical adaptation of the kitchen and bathroom, from the balance of privacy and transparency in the bedroom to the viewing experience on the balcony, tempered glass has become a "versatile artifact" in modern interior design with its multi-functional and high-aesthetic advantages. It does not require complex modeling designs; relying solely on the transparency and texture of the material itself, it can free the space from dullness and limitations, achieving a 300% increase in aesthetics.​ When choosing tempered glass, you only need to grasp the three principles of "scenario adaptation, compliance with thickness specifications, and coordinated matching" to easily avoid mistakes and make the space both practical and beautiful. Whether it is the renovation of a small apartment or the upgrade of a large apartment, tempered glass can become a "key element" to enhance the texture of the space, making your home showcase high-end charm in simplicity and hide design sense in practicality!​  

China's Flat Glass Industry Surpassed RMB 10 Billion in Profits Last Year: Driven by Policies, Technology and Market 1. Industry Profit Hits a New High, RMB 10 Billion Profit Demonstrates Development Resilience In 2024, China's flat glass industry delivered an impressive performance, with annual profits exceeding RMB 10 billion. Amid the complex market environment, it has shown strong development resilience. This achievement is not just a pile of cold data, but a joint result of leading enterprises such as CSG A and Irisohyama Co., Ltd. relying on policy response, technological breakthroughs, and market deepening. It marks a phased victory in the industry's transformation from scale expansion to high-quality development.   2. Policy Dividends Released, Green Buildings Become the Core Engine The full popularization of green building standards has become a key driver for the industry's profit growth. The green building material application requirements specified in China's 14th Five-Year Plan, combined with the EU's building energy efficiency renovation policies, have formed dual benefits, directly driving a surge in demand for high-performance energy-saving glass. CSG A is a beneficiary of this trend. Its Low-E insulated glass has maintained a leading position in China's high-end market. In 2024, the sales volume of coated glass increased by 12.2% year-on-year, and the sales volume of insulated glass also achieved a steady growth of 4.72%. The gross profit margin of such energy-saving products is 14 percentage points higher than that of ordinary glass, making it an important pillar of the enterprise's profits.​ At the same time, the strict implementation of the capacity replacement policy has accelerated the industry reshuffle. Under policy regulation, the blind expansion of low-end production capacity has been curbed, and industry resources have concentrated on leading enterprises. By focusing on high-end fields such as high-generation substrate glass, Irisohyama Co., Ltd. achieved a year-on-year growth of 81.52% to 99.67% in net profit attributable to shareholders in 2024, and its non-net profit even achieved an explosive growth of 171.49% to 204.73%, fully demonstrating the profit advantages of high-quality enterprises under policy guidance.   3. Product Structure Upgraded, Remarkable Results in High-end Transformation Technological iteration has promoted the upgrading of product structure towards high-end and diversification, which is the core support for profit growth. Relying on the industrial Internet platform, CSG A has built an intelligent factory and optimized the production line through digital twin technology. This not only shortens the delivery cycle of customized glass products but also significantly improves the yield rate. In the photovoltaic field, its developed Building-Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) glass solution has been successfully applied in the zero-carbon demonstration park in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, enabling buildings to have both energy-saving and power-generation functions and opening up a new profit space.​ Irisohyama Co., Ltd. has made breakthroughs in the electronic glass track. As one of the few domestic enterprises with stable mass production capacity of high-generation substrate glass, it completed and put 10 G8.5+ substrate glass production lines into operation in 2024. The products have passed the certification of leading enterprises such as BOE and TCL Huaxing and achieved full production and sales. In the same year, the revenue of the substrate glass business increased by 21.9% year-on-year, among which the sales volume of G8.5+ products increased by as much as 93.2%, becoming the company's second growth curve. The photovoltaic glass business of CSG A also performed brilliantly. In 2024, its sales volume reached 438.64 million square meters, an increase of 25.77% year-on-year, and its daily melting capacity ranked among the top in the industry.   4. Optimized Market Layout, Two-way Efforts in Domestic and Foreign Demand The differentiated layout of regional markets has effectively hedged against the risk of fluctuations in a single market. In the domestic market, major projects such as the zero-carbon demonstration park in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area and green buildings in Xiongan New Area have provided stable orders for CSG A's energy-saving glass and BIPV glass; the infrastructure boom in the central and western regions has driven the growth of demand for basic glass, forming a complement to the high-end market in the eastern region.​ In terms of the overseas market, countries along the "Belt and Road" have become a new bright spot for export growth. By refining the international market layout and increasing the signing of high-quality projects, CSG A has significantly improved the order complexity; the substrate glass of Irisohyama Co., Ltd. not only supplies domestic manufacturers but also radiates to Taiwan region, seizing market share in the wave of domestic substitution. Through the two-wheel drive of "domestic deep cultivation + overseas expansion", these two types of enterprises have provided solid support for the industry's RMB 10 billion profit. 5. Synergistic Efforts in the Industrial Chain, Cost Reduction and Efficiency Improvement Highlight Competitive Advantages The synergy between upstream and downstream of the industrial chain has further improved the industry's profit level. By coordinating the centralized procurement of bulk raw materials and strengthening the lean management of the entire production process, CSG A has effectively reduced procurement and production costs; at the same time, it has built a raw material supply circle with a radius of 200 kilometers, reducing logistics costs by 18%-22%. Through cost reduction and efficiency improvement measures, Irisohyama Co., Ltd. increased its gross profit margin by 4.5 percentage points year-on-year in 2024, and the period expense rate was continuously optimized, among which the financial expense rate decreased by 1.09 percentage points year-on-year, significantly increasing the profit space.​ On the technical side, the upgrading of CSG A's float glass process and the technological breakthrough of Irisohyama Co., Ltd.'s high-generation substrate glass have jointly promoted the improvement of the industry's production efficiency. The former's ultra-white "Blue Diamond" series glass has become a benchmark in the segmented field, and the latter's G8.5+ substrate glass has realized batch import substitution, both of which have built competitive advantages through technical barriers.   6. Future Outlook: A New Journey for the Industry Under Multiple Opportunities Looking forward to the future, the profit growth of the flat glass industry still has sufficient momentum. With the advancement of the urbanization process and the implementation of the old house renovation policy, the demand for architectural glass will remain stable; the outbreak of emerging fields such as Building-Integrated Photovoltaics and intelligent buildings will continue to drive the demand for high-end glass. Projects such as the technological transformation of CSG A's Wujiang photovoltaic line and the expansion of Irisohyama Co., Ltd.'s Xianyang substrate glass base have laid the foundation for the next round of growth. Under the guidance of the "carbon peaking and carbon neutrality" goals, the market space for green energy-saving glass will be further expanded. The industry will continue to take technological innovation as the core and high-quality enterprises as the leader to achieve dual improvement in profit scale and development quality on the track of high-end manufacturing and green low-carbon development.